Annoyed and thinking I missed something, I reloaded the save and tried it again.
They had showed up on the altar, and I had picked them up, but they didn't show up in my inventory. However, when I picked up the armor pieces and went to equip them, I found that the Daedric Boots were missing. It appeared to work perfectly, generating the daedric armor on the altar. I put in the black soul gems, centurion dynamo cores, daedric hearts, and each of the four pieces of the armor set that I wanted to make, trying them one by one.
I recently got everything that I needed to convert the ebony armor I bought into Daedric using the Atronach Forge.
